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[Music]

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my name is Jose I am a PhD student of

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Biological Sciences at the National

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Autonomous University of Mexico I am

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working at the Antonio Latinos lab we we

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call him Domino's headmaster there in

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Latin means my Lord and Master and my

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advisor is Arturo visera a well the

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three of us wanted to make a new kind of

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research in the lab because viruses were

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forgotten in the early stages of the

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history of life so that is why I started

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this with with them this is a new kind

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of richer's research that we call the

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viruses maybe ancient but not but not

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primitive so as we know that a viruses

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are a biological entities that

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infectious biological entities that need

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ribosomal system of like a cell so that

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they can be they can replicate they can

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replicate their own viral proteins so

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there is like we have an estimation like

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ten to thirty one viral particles there

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are on the earth of numbering all forms

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of life how do they do do that how they

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are why are they so sexual that's

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because they have this kind of

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characteristics as you can see they are

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a we divided well biologists divide a

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viruses like RNA and DNA they are based

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in their own the genome of viruses for

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example RNA viruses have these

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characteristics like they have a high

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mutation rate for example 10 to minus 3

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nucleotides per replication but also

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they have a small genome size like 3 5

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nucleotides

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a35 kill 35,000 kind of a spares the

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these RNA viruses have population

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bigger bigger populations but also they

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have little a lateral gene transfer they

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have a deemed application but there is

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very little RNA viruses overlaps their

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own genes because they have they want to

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well they they need they have dissonant

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city of economized a the genome for that

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is why they are very very short but they

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they often have little recombination and

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practically the single-stranded DNA

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viruses behave like RNA viruses so and

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the double-stranded DNA viruses have the

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opposite cracked right so RNA viruses so

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but where do my roses fit in the in the

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Tree of Life

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well a you know that a dynamic

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comparative genomics has allowed to

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trace the history of all organisms like

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bacteria or Korea and archaea so that we

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can infer a hypothetical entity that we

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call it the last common ancestor the res

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ancestor of this three domains of life

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and we we we do this phylogeny is based

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on a RNA genes and also RNA protein RNA

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processing proteins but what happened

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with the with viruses so they a there

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are many hypotheses that place these

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viruses in the very early stages of life

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other hypotheses a put it put them here

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here here or here so then we have many

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may what were not many hypotheses we

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have just three hypotheses and we can

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subdivide it but that's another topic

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so where do biases come from we have

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first hypothesis that we call the virus

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first hypothesis or the primordial

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hypothesis you can see that since 1917

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when they a

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the guy that a discover a bacteriophage

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it tried to guess how viruses originated

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so 100 years since 100 years we haven't

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found the how the way how they how

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viruses originate so you can see another

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a hypothesis like a virus or descendant

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of parasitic cells

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like in 1935 agreement and night in 1938

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Laidlaw say that maybe ad viruses have

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cellular ancestor that was losing some

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some genes so they become in a policy in

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the parasitic entities that we know

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today another hypothesis about viruses

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that viruses the same for an escaped

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escaped genes a brunette in 1944 said

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that maybe this viruses can a porn

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because of the genes were escaping from

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from cos genomes and today in 2006 they

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still supported this these hypotheses so

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but theory of Ages came from a bacterial

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eukaryotic viruses came from eukaryotes

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so for example in this in the case of

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the promoter hypothesis a Kooning and

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collaborators say that maybe these

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viruses I have a foreign ancient virus

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world I mean before the original of

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cells so if they put they place for

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example there are any viruses that

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because they have a small genome also

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they are formed for a big half an RNA in

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engage into their genomes they say that

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maybe they are in the in they put them

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in the RNA protein world and

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retroviruses maybe they say that these

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are entities that have a transition

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between this RNA world today a DNA RNA

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protein world and then later

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the DNA viruses or or innate different

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from this DNA RNA protein world and they

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they also say that maybe these all

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viruses are the inventors of cells so

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there is the primordial hypothesis the

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other hypothesis the reduction

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hypothesis they say that this a there is

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ancestor cells the last common ancestor

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there were a loose in this this gene and

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there is an example mega viruses were

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discovered in 2001 these are the

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monsters of of biology because they they

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can they can have like two 200 by 2500

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genes you imagine that so this this mega

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viruses also have a eight important

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genes that are very conserved and these

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genes a intervene in the DNA processing

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DNA synthesis like for example RNA

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polymerase DNA polymerase trna

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synthetases a Romano claw tied a ribbon

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occupied a driven Oh clatter reductases

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a and that is why they say okay these

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proteins are also in in cells and they

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intervene in this a DNA synthesis so

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they may be these viruses come from in

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another domain like if they call the for

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domain of life so viruses were alive

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once but so that is why they put it in

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the in the tree of life so the other

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hypothesis says as I told you that they

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this genes are escaping from their own

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host so but they came from this

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hypothesis said they come a later after

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the original of cells so that is why we

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in the in the laboratory tried to obtain

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to get all the information all the early

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biological information for all databases

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of viruses like for example Jim Bank

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vayas on the international committee on

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taxonomy we get all if not not only

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biological information but also

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structural information a sequential

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information ecological information all

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of all of that week we got all that all

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those databases I want to say that in

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the lab we use bioinformatics tools so

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you go to the our love is just a

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computer lab no we don't do experiment

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experiment and in the very first stage

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of my of my project we we used all these

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biological information and you can see

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in this graph they decide the circle

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represent they a the size of viral

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genomes but also a DNA viruses are in

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blue and our universe in are in red and

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you can you can see a conic of the

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thank you okay we got we can see a four

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circles you can see the biggest a genome

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DNA genome and they're the shortest you

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know and also in RNA viruses the biggest

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and the shortest so well you can see

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that the biggest one are all it's very

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evident now that DNA viruses have the

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biggest genomes in all viruses but for

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example Proteus you can see that here

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the mega viruses megabyte has have a

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double-stranded DNA a double-stranded

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DNA genome so you can you can see a that

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a all RNA viruses are very well

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distributed in the Eukarya lineages but

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you cannot see you can see if here just

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a few of them and archaea there is a one

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of the of the oldest lineage of the Tree

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of Life they they don't have RNA viruses

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of today but it can be a

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abayas but also we can see that the RNA

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viruses infect phylogenetically distance

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a host for example RNA viruses can

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infect at the same time plants and

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invertebrates or invertebrates and

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vertebrates this you cannot see this in

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in the DNA virus in the DNA viruses so

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the hypothesis of an early or you know

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ferny viruses is not supported by the

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phylogenetic distribution as I told you

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for example this we have this the domain

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of life but you can see that the the red

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ones that is the RNA viruses in fact

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only the eukaryote a miniature but when

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I when we sought the phylogeny of

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bacteria we could we come we could find

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that a just to wire families like sister

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will die and lav VD right there's RNA

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RNA the only RNA viruses that infect

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prokaryotes and when we saw the

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phylogeny of bacteria week we could see

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that they were

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proteobacteria and Proteobacteria like

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shakeela Salmonella Erica collie is very

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ecologically related

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to the to the eukaryotes so maybe these

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these two only viral feminists of

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prokaryotes are coming from the

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eukaryotic viruses and we have evidence

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in their sequences so a as I and we have

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we haven't found a virus RNA virus in

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area so you can see that RNA viruses are

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very related to the origin or today to

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the divergence of the el correo chick

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host so maybe they had a recent origin

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and not you cannot put it in there in an

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RNA world in the other hand a mega

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viruses that has double stranded a DNA

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genome remember that they they they in

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the hypothesis of the reduction of

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genome they from the four domain of life

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but we can see that they say mega

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viruses that infect in invertebrates and

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vertebrates or protists like like amoeba

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for example we we made 2000 phylogenies

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of many many of all day the sequences

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that they they have all of the all of

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the protein that they have and I am

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showing just one the Raymond chloride

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reductase because this it had this rebel

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Crotty reductase is in the core protein

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and is the most conserved protein in all

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mega viruses and you can see in this

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phylogeny in blue we have eukaryotes

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sequences in red the virus ones and in

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purple we have we got the bacteria once

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and in green the archaea ones so you can

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see clearly that for example in this

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clade in this group we we got this mega

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virus sequences of of romano platted

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reductase and it is close to their own

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hosts so when we look when we look to a

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viral rival at the rate of days of other

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double-stranded DNA viruses like

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baculovirus Ida which in fact where

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turrets they also are close to the two

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their hosts another example of

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double-stranded DNA viruses like pages

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they there remain plot I read of taste

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is also close to their there the

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bacteria ones and so maybe this these

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repetitive reductase is a it's escaping

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from this a periodic hosts so and and

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prokaryotic house in the case of of

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phages so but not we we don't only found

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that we identified that this ravenclaw

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hi reductase is at either type 1a this a

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remember that rebel coder reductase

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intervenes in the a in the reduction of

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Ravana critize to form a succeed revenue

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plot eyes I mean the DNA synthesis but

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this this rival totally the place type

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one I do that but in the presence of

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oxygen so a there are three three types

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of rebel plotted reductase the the first

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one is needs this oxygen and the other

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one a they are anaerobic and science so

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but the ones that they want that they

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remember ty reductase that has that have

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that is in the mega virus a genome it's

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it needs this oxygen so it means that

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maybe this Raymond Cattell reductase

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they were acquired multiple times but

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before or during the great oxygenic

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event so that is it happened 2.5 billion

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years ago I mean a 1 billion years after

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they approximately the origin of last

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common ancestor so these mega viruses

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could not be in in the in the in that

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early stage of life I mean there in the

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original less common ancestor so so they

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are a we we have to conclusion about

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they RNA virus and DNA viruses there are

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no known are any viruses in archaea of

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today are any viruses or bacteria found

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in animal microbiota like

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Proteobacteria mean she careless of the

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monastic Akali so RNA viruses have a

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recent origin related to the origin of a

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eukaryotes so this means that simplicity

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I mean RNA viruses because they have a

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small a genome does not necessarily

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imply impre-- primitiveness so this

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means that RNA viruses did not originate

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at the RNA world stage but also in the

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case of of these examples of DNA viruses

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a based on the Raymond plot I'd rather

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face a type 1a of phages means that

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maybe this protein has a bacterial

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origin but in the case of mega viruses

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Bakula viruses and herpes viruses I mean

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viruses that infect this eukaryotic a

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host they this protein has maybe an L

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Kotik origin so this a relative

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reductase must have evolved once a free

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oxygen had accumulated in this event 1

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billion years after the last common

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ancestor

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therefore mega viruses have a recent

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origin close to the eukaryotic a

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divergence so they do they cannot form

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this for form domain of life so that is

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the great conclusions that we have in

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this preliminary Rizzoli's that viruses

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may be ancient but not primitive a so

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thank you very much to all of you and

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sorry for

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and have question

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thank you very much Jose we have time

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for one question so what do you think

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what's your hypothesis for the RNA

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viruses being sort of associated with

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the advent you carry carry out the

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corgin isms do you think it has

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something to do with

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post-transcriptional modification of the

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messenger RNA to make it more stable

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which allowed it to maybe then go into

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the environment and inform viruses yeah

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well actually we we know the mekinese an

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example of mechanisms of how have this a

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RNA viral genes escape from holes for

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example the messenger RNA now you do you

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need to the messenger RNA needs to go

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out from the new clothes and because

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many of RNA viruses infect a the nucleo

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career tech nucleus so maybe this could

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be an explanation of how they can can

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escape from this this cost but also we

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have to we try to in the approach in the

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next studies we need to analyze the

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movie alone for example that a

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eukaryotic host have many many retro

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elements a trans DNA transposons and

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maybe they put it aside this mobile on

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can be a transition between this a

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let's thank Jose again

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[Applause]